Adsorptive removal of BTEX compounds from wastewater using activated carbon derived from macadamia nut shells

Authors

  • Kedibone Melaphi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • Olawumi O Sadare Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • Geoffrey S Simate School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Wits 2050, South Africa
  • Stephan Wagenaar Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • Kapil Moothi Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2023.v49.i1.3970

Keywords:

wastewater, activated carbon, adsorption, BTEX compounds, macadamia nut shell

Abstract

In this study, adsorptive removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) from synthetic water using activated carbon adsorbent derived from macadamia nut shells was investigated. The surface functional groups of the synthesized adsorbents were assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The specific surface area, pore size and pore volume at 77 K nitrogen adsorption, surface morphology, and the crystalline structure of the adsorbents were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, respectively. Batch adsorption mode was used to evaluate the performance of the activated carbon.  The stock solutions of synthetic wastewater were prepared by dissolving 100 mg/L of each of the BTEX compound into distilled water in a 250 mL volumetric flask. Effect of initial concentration of BTEX compounds, contact time, and mass of adsorbent on the removal of BTEX compounds from the synthetic wastewater was investigated. The macadamia nut shell–derived activated carbon (MAC) proved to be an effective adsorbent for BTEX compounds, with a large surface area of 405.56 m2/g. The exposure time to reach equilibrium for maximum removal of BTEX was observed to be 20 min.  The adsorption capacity of the BTEX compounds by MAC followed the following adsorption order: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene ˃ xylene.

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Published

2023-01-31

How to Cite

Kedibone Melaphi, Olawumi O Sadare, Geoffrey S Simate, Stephan Wagenaar, & Kapil Moothi. (2023). Adsorptive removal of BTEX compounds from wastewater using activated carbon derived from macadamia nut shells. Water SA, 49(1 January). https://doi.org/10.17159/wsa/2023.v49.i1.3970

Issue

Vol. 49 No. 1 January (2023): Water SA

Section

Research paper

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Kedibone Melaphi, Olawumi O Sadare, Geoffrey S Simate, Stephan Wagenaar, Kapil Moothi

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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